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地基处理各种做法施工工艺锦集.doc

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4.软土地基处理

一、 处理方法与特点
二、 复合地基计算原理
三、 换填法设计
四、 强夯法设计
五、 预压法设计
六、 水泥土搅拌法设计
七、 托换技术

4.1地基处理方法
4.1.1地基处理的目的
软土地基处理的目的是利用换填、夯实、挤密、排水、胶结、加筋和热学等方法对地基土进行加固,用以改良地基土的工程特性,主要包括:
1)提高地基的抗剪切强度
2)降低地基的压缩性 
3)改善地基的透水特性  一种增加地基土的透水性加快固结,另一种是降低透水性或减少其水压力(基坑抗渗透)。
4.1.2 地基处理方法分类及应用范围
软土地基处理的基本方法主要有置换、夯实、挤密、排水、胶结、加筋、和热学等方法。
常用地基处理方法的原理、作用及适用范围如下。
1. 换土垫层法
(1)垫层法  其基本原理是挖除浅层软弱土或不良土,分层碾压或夯实土,按回填的材料可分为砂(或砂石)垫层、碎石垫层、粉煤灰垫层、干渣垫层、土(灰土、二灰)垫层等。干渣分为分级干渣、混合干渣和原状干渣;粉煤灰分为湿排灰和调湿灰。换土垫层法可提高持力层的承载力,减少沉降量;常用机械碾压、平板振动和重锤夯实进行施工。
该法常用于基坑面积宽大和开挖土方量较大的回填土方工程,一般适用于处理浅层软弱土层(淤泥质土、松散素填土、杂填土、浜填土以及已完成自重固结的冲填土等)与低洼区域的填筑。一般处理深度为2~3m。适用于处理浅层非饱和软弱土层、素填土和杂填土
4. Soft Soil

1, treatment and characteristics
II Principles of Composite Foundation
Third, replacement method design
Fourth, the design of dynamic consolidation
5, preloading Design
6, Design of concrete mixture method
7, Underpinning

4.1 Ground handling
4.1.1 The purpose of foundation treatment
The purpose is to use soft handle replacement, compaction, compaction, drainage, cement, reinforcement and thermal methods such as reinforcement of the foundation soil to improve the engineering properties of soil, including:
1) to improve the shear strength of foundation
2) reduce the compressibility of the foundation
3) to improve the permeability of the foundation that increases the permeability to accelerate the consolidation of foundation soil, and the other is to reduce the permeability, or reducing the water pressure (Pit anti-infiltration).
4.1.2 Classification and Application of ground handling area
Soft handle the basic methods are replacement, tamping, compaction, drainage, cement, reinforced, and thermal and other methods.
The principle of common ground handling, role and scope of application are as follows.
1. Replacement Cushion Method
(1) The basic principle is to cushion method excavation of shallow soft soil or poor soil, compacted or compacted soil layer, according to the backfill material can be divided into sand (or sand) bedding, gravel pads, powder ash cushion, cushion of dry residue, soil (lime, lime) cushion and so on. Divided into grade slag slag, mixed dried sludge and intact dry residue; fly ash into the wet gray ash and humidity. Soil replacement layer can improve the bearing capacity, reduce settlement; common mechanical rolling, vibration and heavy hammer compaction plate for construction.
The method commonly used in the large pit area and a large excavation backfill earthwork earthworks generally applies to dealing with the shallow soft soil (silty soil, loose fill elements, miscellaneous fill, and has completed the creek fill weight consolidation of hydraulic fill, etc.) and filling low-lying areas. Generally deal with a depth of 2 ~ 3m. Applies to the handling of non-saturated soft soil shallow, filling and miscellaneous fill factor
 

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